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    Machine learning foundations· 1992

    Neural Networks and the Bias/Variance Dilemma

    Stuart Geman (first author) · 1992

    Read the original

    DOI 10.1162/neco.1992.4.1.1OpenAlex W2076118331

    On the reading lists

    Why it matters

    Established a foundational explanation of overfitting through bias, variance, and model complexity.

    Condensed from the expert lists' notes.

    The record

    First released
    1992 (from OpenAlex)
    Citations
    3,580 citations, as counted by OpenAlex (CC0)
    Named by
    both expert lists
    Score
    0.531 · computed rank 205 · consensus 0.73, must-read 1, citations percentile 0.606 (1990s · foundations), awards 0, existing lists 0. Method

    Editor's notes

    • Readability check: pass: The bias-variance trade-off, explained at length. (AI draft (Claude), not yet reviewed, 2026-10-29)

    Data sources

    Catalogue data from OpenAlex (CC0), Crossref (CC0 metadata; no abstracts are shown), arXiv, and Papers With Code (CC BY-SA 4.0). Each count names its source. See the method.